16 de Septiembre 1810

Indigenous people were the first to inhabit what is now known as Mexico. They created great civilizations such as the Olmec, Maya, Toltec, and of course the most powerful of all, the Aztec Empire.

After Christopher Columbus “discovered” America, the Spaniards carried out expeditions to find gold and wealth from these faraway lands.   In 1521, about 500 Spanish soldiers arrived in Mexico, headed by an ambitious man: Hernán Cortés.  At this time, the Aztecs had built a great empire that ruled over all Mesoamérica. So the Spaniards decided to direct their attacks towards them.

The indigenous nations that were under the Aztec rule were tired of the physical and economic hardships imposed upon them by this empire.  This circumstance made them think that by helping the Conquerors defeat the Aztecs, they would be better off.  So they decided to aid the Spaniards.

This is how the Conquest of what is now Mexico began.

August 13^th1521, Cuauhtémoc, the last Aztec emperor was captured. The indigenous allies of the Spaniards raided Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec empire. They didn’t know it at the time, but they had been liberated from one oppressor and fallen in the hands of a much more powerful authoritarian one, The Spaniards.

This was the beginning of three centuries of Spanish rule. The new colony was named Nueva España, New Spain.

 The years that followed were devastating. The conquerors brought with them diseases unknown to the natives. The epidemics that broke out as well as the merciless workload imposed upon the natives dramatically diminished the Indian population.   There were approximately 20 million Indians inhabiting this territory before the Conquest, and after just one century of Spanish rule there were only 1 million left!

Colonial society was highly stratified. Spaniards born in Spain, occupied the higher echelons, followed by Criollos, those born in Mexico from Spanish parents; Mestizos, the mix- blood offspring of Spaniards and Natives; Indios, Native Indians; Negros, African slaves. Each socio-ethnic group had different rights and duties. The privileged were the peninsular Spaniards.  Discontent steadily grew, especially amongst the Criollos, who were always treated as second-class subjects of the Spanish Crown.   It is no surprise then, that Criollos were the spark that ignited the Independence movement.

When in 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain; he imposed his brother José Bonaparte, as king of Spain (1808-1810).  The Criollos found in this circumstance the opportunity to seek their independence from Spain.

Influenced by the concepts of liberty, equality and democracy proposed by the French philosophers Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire (French Revolution July 1789) and by the war of Independence in the United States, they decided to start a revolt.

 The plan was to call for independence on October 2^nd, 1810.  Unfortunately, their plans were discovered in early September. The movement was in trouble. They had two alternatives; either abandons the strategy, or move faster and start the revolt immediately; at the end, they decided upon the second alternative.

In the early hours of September 16, 1810, Cura Miguel Hidalgo, accompanied by several conspirators – Ignacio Allende, Doña Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez -   rang the bell of his little church, in Dolores, calling everyone to fight for liberty.  This was the beginning of the Independence War, which lasted 10 years.